Impact of the invention of Automobiles Essay

The creation of car has been one of the most critical components that have contributed towards the change of the world. Before the development of car it was exceptionally troublesome and tedious to make a trip starting with one spot then onto the next. Man has become the ace of his own time because of the vehicle. Presently he can design his own calendars and deal with his time all the more proficiently and valuably. Car gave a lift to the world economy. Oil was an item that was in plenitude however was to a great extent unused. With the development of car it began getting utilized and furthermore supported the expectations for everyday comforts of the individuals of the nations where it is accessible the most for example the Middle Eastern nations. In spite of the fact that there was sufficient living space in all the mainlands of the world, individuals used to live grouped in the territory that was closest to their work. Accordingly those working in production lines used to live near it regardless of the wellbeing perils it made. With the creation of the vehicle individuals had the option to chop down their wellbeing dangers by moving endlessly to cleaner places with better air to inhale but then figure out how to answer to function inside the specified time less any problems that previous significant distance voyaging incorporated. All the administrations got quick. The fire fighters, the specialist, and the police officer would all be able to reach on schedule and continue ahead with their work that is amazingly dire. Numerous more up to date benefits got made for example the dispatch administration that flourishes with the advantages set somewhere around the development of car. Consequently the financial state of the world has absolutely and decidedly changed with the innovation of the car. Be that as it may, tragically there have likewise been sure negative results of the creation of the vehicle. The quantity of passings on streets has expanded because of this cutting edge need. Likewise the world has become a considerably more dirtied spot to live in view of the harmful exhaust that autos make. Be that as it may, on the off chance that we look at the negative and positive effects of the development of vehicle on the world everywhere then we can't deny the way that the positive effects eclipse the negative effects. Best of all, in the event that individuals are cautious, at that point these negative effects can be disregarded totally. Man can't think living without the car and maybe its innovation is the best thing that has happened to the world. References Colorado.edu. (2009). Negative Impact of the Automobile. Recovered Jun. 1, 2009 from  â â â http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/frameworks/agentsheets/New-Vista/vehicle/negative.html Nosotoro, R. (2007). Effect of the Automobile. Recovered Jun. 1, 2009 from  â â http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/expositions/bed/t4w32automobile.htm

Water Report on Jakarta Essay Example for Free

Water Report on Jakarta Essay I am keeping in touch with you in regards to water supplies for the inhabitants in Jakarta. There are deficiencies of clean water around the region and occupants need to walk miles away to get water for their organizations and family. Anyway the neighborhood individuals need something closer so they don’t need to travel that additional mile. There are two alternatives in which we can help there individuals in Jakarta: Choice one is having a Global water organization. (Worldwide Water Company is the point at which you have an agreement and you pay for the measure of water you use. ) Alternative two is having water co-usable. (Water co-usable is the point at which the individuals are the proprietors and they have the have a voice in the control of the association, and most of the standards.) Having visited Jakarta I diagram the advantages and downsides for inhabitants and organizations. A mother, Andina Hamid needs to travel miles for clean water for food, washing, cleaning, etc. A frozen yogurt merchant, Ali Firhand needs water for his organizations for making the dessert and furthermore needs water for his family. Once Ali couldn't get hold of clean water thus he had no picked yet to make his frozen yogurt with to water else he would free his organizations, anyway the following day every one of his costumers had protests about stomach issues because of messy water. Wisnu Wijaya is a food and beverages merchant and she likewise needs clean water for her food and for cleanliness. She needs clean water to make her food and beverages. In any case on the off chance that she doesn’t have clean water so she would free her costumers and free her business. At last a businessperson, Reynard Hanoppo who runs a furniture shop, has all that could possibly be needed water. He has running taps at home and he has a pool and was never shy of water. The focal points and disadvantages for choice one, the Global Water Company for the individuals above are: Andina Hamid who is mother would profit by the Global Water Company since it would furnish Andina and her family with new clean water and would improve wellbeing and cleanliness conditions. Anyway she would endure when her agreement with the organization lapses and she wouldn’t have anything to go on to. Ali Firhand, a dessert vender would pick up from the Global Water Company since it can work with neighborhood occupants to improve wellbeing conditions and would furnish him with clean water. Anyway the equivalent goes for him when the water company’s contract terminates there might be issues to look with propping the water framework up. Wisnu Wijaya, a food and beverages dealer would profit by the organization since she would just compensation for the measure of water she uses and it would be sheltered as she most likely is aware it is perfect. Anyway it is a burden too on the grounds that private water organizations could assume the expenses of laying the funnels and associating with the homes to it fundamental channels and this may build the expense. Reynard Hanoppo, an agent would profit by the Global water organization in light of the fact that the more water he utilizes the less expensive I would be, so channeled water would be especially uplifting news for individuals who have a great deal of water. Anyway the equivalent goes for him when the water company’s contract lapses. The favorable circumstances and downsides for choice two, the Water Co-usable for the inhabitants in Jakarta are: Andina Hamid who is mother would profit by the Water Co-employable since it would the individuals in Jakarta may show signs of improvement in the event that they cooperate as a major aspect of a co-usable. Anyway the business taps would be increasingly expressive in light of the fact that you would need to dive enormous gaps in the ground for the channels to convey the water to the homes. Ali Firhand, a frozen yogurt merchant would pick up from the Water Co-usable on the grounds that it is simpler to care for and it would be useful for what's to come. Despite the fact that Ali may need to heat up the water to murder the germs and microscopic organisms so he could utilize the water for his frozen yogurt. Wisnu Wijaya, a food and beverages dealer would profit by the Water Co-employable since it would last more and it is more grounded. She additionally realizes she will never get let somewhere near the Water Co-employable than she may do with the Global Water organization if her agreement lapses with them. Anyway she may need to pay more for the water on the off chance that she needs taps, etc. Reynard Hanoppo, an agent would profit by the Water Co-usable in light of the fact that there would be water there for him 24 hours per day, through a portion of his water might be messy and could get sick from it.â Keeping the things above as a top priority my recommendation are on the Global Water Company would be valuable in light of a legitimate concern for Jakarta individuals. As a shortcoming of water collaboration could be that the mass of individuals may lose enthusiasm for running the association and let a little gathering take it over and oversee it for their own advantage. Additionally with the Global Water Company you would have no concerns as there would consistently be 100% of clean water not at all like the co-employable. The main downside being is the recharging of the agreement, anyway there is continually going to be an interest of water.

Guncontrol essays

Guncontrol papers As a rule, weapons have been a significant issue for quite a long time upon years. The danger of weapons in urban areas and towns is astounding. Numerous individuals in the United States are battling to boycott weapons all over the place, others think they ought to reserve the privilege to possess a firearm without any inquiries posed. Thinking about the measure of handgun passings, numerous individuals ask the question Are weapons slaughtering individuals or are individuals murdering individuals? Numerous individuals are in the battle to increase stricter laws on weapons, Yet just the same number of are against the possibility of stricter laws. Weapons began to turn into an issue in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1977 firearms were the weapons utilized in around 70% of the killings in the United States.(Encarta Online) 60% of all homicide casualties in the United States (around 12,000) were executed by guns, what's more, 70,000 were harmed. During the mid 1980s Hip Hop and Rap got famous. This expanded the quantity of firearm clashes significantly due to the picture of a rapper.(Dennis, Debate) Heavily populated urban communities had an expanding measure of packs during this time.(Dennis, Discussion) The packs would sell medications and go through weapons to back them if a bargain went bad.(Dennis, Debate) Guns were effortlessly gotten to due to the overwhelming group activity.(Dennis, Debate) People were being shot regular therefore in these groups. Numerous individuals were attempting to battle the spread of firearms and get a stricter law on availability to weapons. Individuals who need firearm control have a difficult time persuading government authorities to take care of business. The Republican controlled Congress has questions in light of what the Second Amendment said about firearms. Handgun Control Inc. (HCI) stated, The Second Change represents no danger to the laws influencing the private ownership of guns, and this likely could be the most settled recommendation in protected law.(Dennis, Debate) HCI likewise composed a letter... <!

A Modern Modest Proposal free essay sample

A Modest Proposal for Disposing Homelessness in the United States Every city or town I have ever visited is influenced by the plague of vagrants. The most evident spots where the seriousness of vagrancy is shown are significant urban communities in the United States, for example, New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. In spite of the fact that the official number of vagrants in the United States is obscure, everybody can confirm the volume of vagrants that they have experienced in the course of their lives. Our unimaginable nation is exposed to such blemishes breathing in our well deserved cash, and I accept this must be halted. Not exclusively are vagrants taking our assets, however they are likewise putting a strain on everything that is in us and brains, as we feel terrible for these individuals’ conditions. As American residents, it is our obligation to secure the respectability of our country and consistently move in the direction of a superior life; this is the reason we should order my arrangement to utilize vagrants to further our potential benefit. My answer for our destitute issue is a straightforward one; we will sell every single vagrants to well off Americans as slaves. To authorize this arrangement, we will gather the vagrants off the road either energetically or forcibly, since this arrangement will be genuinely advantageous to them. In the wake of gathering every single vagrants, we will have sell off houses arrangement in soup kitchens and sanctuaries, seeing as they will never again be utilized for their unique purposes. We will principally closeout the vagrants to the well off Americans, however if necessary, we may offer the people to individuals from acculturated nations. At the point when destitute families are brought to the closeout houses, they will be sold as a unit; be that as it may, just close family members will be sold together, for example, guardians or watchmen with their youngsters. Any kids that are unloaded will be required to go to class during the week and work twenty hours for their lords and work full â€time on ends of the week. This law is fundamental for it will guarantee that the youngsters will be instructed with the goal that they may better themselves. Anybody that is sold when the person in question is more established than eighteen will be a slave until their lord bites the dust; slaves won't be passed down to family members. In the event that these slaves come back to the lanes, they will be re-unloaded to an alternate affluent ace. Youthful slaves will be sold for more cash than slaves who are more than forty years of age. The advantages that join this arrangement won't just improve the personal satisfaction vagrants have, yet it will improve our country. To start with, vagrants will receive the best rewards from this arrangement. By turning out to be slaves, the vagrants will consistently have a spot to rest. Vagrants will rest either in their master’s home or in their very own exceptional hotel. What's more, the vagrants will be given food and water each day; something they would not have in the event that they kept on living in the city. Dress will likewise be furnished to slaves if necessary alongside washing openings. For the kids, they will presently be able to go to class and get instruction when they would not have had the option to something else. These arrangements of fundamental needs and different necessities as experts see fit will improve these peoples’ lives monstrously. Another advantage of this arrangement is that with the cash we gather from selling the vagrants, we will have the option to pay off our national obligation. As of February 2013, America’s national obligation is $16,649,703,459,968 (U. S. ). Our national obligation is anticipated to reach more than seventy trillion dollars in ten years and near 200 trillion dollars in twenty years (U. S. ). This obligation is developing exponentially, and my arrangement will help moderate this expansion under water. In New York City alone there are more than 50,000 individuals every late evening snoozing sanctuaries and one in each 2,688 individuals is destitute (Bosman). Selling every vagrant for an as much as 5,000 dollars will help start our excursion towards a diminished obligation. In the year 2012, Americans contributed almost 8,000,000 dollars of their own cash to help pay off the national obligation, yet they scarcely made a mark (Smith). With this additional gift, we will have the option to have a huge effect. Alongside this, selling the vagrants will permit us to close down all safe houses and food kitchens since there will be no requirement for them. In these spaces, we will hold the closeouts so we should pay lease; in any case, we will no longer need to gracefully food, apparel, or some other thing to the destitute. Around four billion dollars is spent yearly on destitute people and families by state governments and private gatherings (Fahy). Adding to this, the central government spends around 2. 9 billion dollars forâ federal destitute projects each year (Fahy). Not going through this cash will help our state governments set aside cash and our central government set aside cash each year. Another incredible advantage of selling vagrants is we will no longer have filthy individuals littering our avenues and taking our cash. Whenever somebody visits a significant city in the United States, this individual is both ered by endless vagrants asking for their well deserved cash (Jurkiewicz). In these circumstances, individuals feel frightened by the unclean individual and fear this communication (Jurkiewicz). For the individuals that breeze by the destitute, they will in general feel awful for their activity while the individuals who do offer cash to the destitute are left with the dread that they will purchase liquor or medications; in any case, this is a dilemma (Jurkiewicz). Selling these vagrants will free our general public of these sentiments and cumbersome experiences, in a perfect world improving our lives. Migrating our destitute won't just take care of our vagrancy issue, it will help lessen the quantity of illicit migrants in our nation. In the United States, there are more than 4,000,000 illicit settlers attempting to take our occupations (McClellan). Utilizing the vagrants as slaves for affluent individuals will dissuade them from recruiting unlawful outsiders to do their housework. Purchasing a slave will thusly be less expensive than paying an illicit worker, and in this way individuals will go to buying a vagrant. Furthermore, these vagrants will in all likelihood communicate in English, which will permit correspondence among experts and slaves a lot simpler. This arrangement I have created is just to benefit our extraordinary country, and I realize that it will end up being invaluable. Bringing down our national obligation, making our lives simpler, and guaranteeing a sheltered situation will permit the United States to thrive.

Cost Analysis of Coca Cola free essay sample

History The starting point of PepsiCo Inc. started with its namesake refreshment, Pepsi-Cola, designed by a drug specialist named Caleb Bradham in 1898 in New Bern, North Carolina. With its principle fixings pepsin and kola nuts, Pepsi-Cola offered an invigorating beverage that was sound and equipped for helping in assimilation realized by the pepsin chemical found in the pop. Generally welcomed by people in general, Pepsi Cola was before long licensed in 1902 and was promptly accessible all through 24 states in America by 1910. In 1935, the Pepsi-Cola Company established by Caleb Bradham failed and was purchased out by Charles Guth. During this time another organization by the name of Frito-Lay began building a business relationship with Pepsi-Cola in would like to broaden Pepsi-Cola’s items. By 1945, the two organizations started cooperating and in 1965, PepsiCo Inc. was shaped with the merger of the two organizations: Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, PepsiCo Inc. pecializes in the assembling, promoting and appropriation of grain-based tidbits and carbonated refreshments. It is a worldwide organization that offers its items in North America, South America, Europe, Middle East, Asia and Africa. Over the previous years, PepsiCo Inc. has become disseminated all through 200 nations around the world and has since extended from its namesake item, Pepsi, to a wide scope of food and drink brands, obtaining Tropicana in 1998, and a merger with Quaker Oats in 2001 †including Gatorade as its items. The greater part of PepsiCos piece of the overall industry is gotten from the Americas with Asia and Europe offering 13% and 16% piece of the overall industry, separately. Today, PepsiCo Inc. s items offered incorporate bundled merchandise and drinks with its item blend comprising of 52% refreshment and 48% nourishments. Drinks incorporate 76 kinds of Pepsi-Cola, assortments of Tropicana, and Gatorade. Bundle nourishments incorporate a Doritos, Ruffles, Cheetos, Lays, Tostitos, Cracker Jacks, and so on. (Pepsi drink brand holding a huge market offering). In the course of recent decades, PepsiCo Inc. s piece of the pie has developed consistently to become and remain the top significant bites and refreshment supplier around the world. From its consolidation, the organization has developed itself by securing and stripping numerous huge organizations including however not shy of Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, KFC, and Wilson Sporting Goods. Its long standing fight between the Coca-Cola Company ha s constantly filled the choices the full scale nibble organization has made through the span of its business and in 2005, PepsiCo Inc. had outperformed the Coca-Cola Company in net incomes. Its latest net incomes revealed were $43. billion internationally (2011) and it remains the biggest food/refreshment business in North America and second biggest food and drink business on the planet. Looking to 2012, Indra K. Nooyi, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiCo Inc. , expressed, The best test in the business [PepsiCo Inc. ] today is to reestablish an effective organization situating it for long haul development and benefit while acting in the present commercial center. Inside the previous quite a while, PepsiCo. Inc. has been banding together with sound decision bites to grow their portfolio with little spotlight on their center ability, Pepsi Cola refreshment. With an overwhelming multi year venture began in 2007 and executed in the start of 2012, the Pepsi Cola will be centered around showcasing its center item, the Pepsi Cola drink, during 2012 and the years to drop by expanding publicizing use to $500-600 million of every 2012 and productively dealing with their incomes and expenses in the large scale nibble business. As required, PepsiCo Inc. freely reveals its money related information to the SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) by means of the EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) framework. This framework computerizes the documenting procedure for PepsiCo and permits present and future speculators to mull over on its budgetary position. Speculators can gaze upward PepsiCo by their Ticker Symbol, PEP, and view a wide range of uncovered data; from the Quarterly Report (Q-10), to the Annual Report (K-10), it is all there. PepsiCo additionally distributes its documenting on their official site, under the Investor tab. Information and Analysis Based on PepsiCo’s 2011 Annual Report, â€Å"Unfavorable monetary conditions may adversy affect our business results or money related conditions. In the midst of higher loan fees, shoppers are restricted with discretionary cashflow which brought about spending cut. Likewise with high financing costs, banks are less inclined to give loan specialists cash because of the requirement for capital. The more tightly loaning norms imply that buyers will decrease spending, and thusly, straightforwardly influences full scale bite and ref reshment utilization and businesses’, for example, PepsiCo Inc. , deals and benefits. Utilizing the least difficult type of quantitative investigation to â€Å"fit† a line to information focuses, High-Low Method, watched estimations of joblessness rates, inside the pertinent range, at ts highs and lows are determined on its effect of PepsiCo’s Net Revenue. Next we will utilize the straightforward direct relapse to get a more profound comprehension of the company’s monetary information. With a straightforward relapse examination, the measure of progress of the needy variable (Net Revenue) is appeared, inside a significant fury, with each unit of progress of the autonomous variable (loan cost). Comparable to Linear Regression Models, the Multiple Linear Regressions will permit us utilize at least two free factors to extend a ward variabel (Net Revenue). At last, we will look att the Time-Series Anlaysis of how the general Net Revenue changes over the span of 2007-2011 for PepsiCo Inc. Beneath in detail are the four techniques referenced above used to froecast the Net Revenue for future periods. Estimating Sales Revenue: High-Low Method The most elevated and least quarterly income for PepsiCo Inc. is $20158 and $7350, separately. The relative quarterly loan cost at the most elevated and least net income is 4. 25% and 4. 84%. The condition got from the High-Low Method is as per the following: Quarterly Net Revenue = 112419. 02 †(21708. 7* Avg. Enthusiasm of Prev. Quarter) Therefore, in connection to PepsiCo’s Risk Assessment, the lower the loan cost, the higher the net income. Anticipating Sales Revenue: Simple Linear Regression Under the straightforward direct relapse examination, the quarterly income condition is as per the following: Quarterly Net Revenue = 63021. 36 †(11093. 40* Avg. Loan cost of Prev. Quarter) Th e signifiance of the condition captures is given by the P-esteem, in green above. Being not exactly . 05 (Y-capture (. 000032) and Slope Intercept (. 0003)), the block determined are fundamentally precise. As to decency of attack of this model, the Coefficient of Determination (R2 of . 519 Quarterly and . 965* Annually), shows a respectably exact prediciton of future results utilizing this relapse model. The chance of the R2 esteem being moderately frail can be because of lower Q1 incomes paying little mind to diminishes in enthusiasm through time. The simpleregression model shows that as quarterly intrigue increments 1%, the income will drop by $11,093,400,00. Determining Sales Revenue: Multiple Linear Regression Under the numerous direct relapse investigation, the yearly income condition is as per the following: Quarterly Net Revenue = 219345. 66 + (. 02*GDP)- (4583104*interest Rate) +(1473067* Infllation Rate) The signifiance of the condition captures is given by the P-esteem, in green above. Being not exactly . 05 for financing cost and Y-catch and more than . 05 criticalness for swelling and GDP, the tesst of essentialness dependent on the p-esteem isn't generous proof Regarding the decency of attack of this model, the Coefficient of Determination (R2 of . 999), shows a solid connection of the mix of these three autonomous factors comparable to Net Revenue. Guaging Sales Revenue: Time-Series Analysis Another technique to figure deals income is with the Time-Series Analysis. This straightforward technique ventures future objective dependent on past results. As noticeable, the pattern for PepsiCo is consistently expanding from year-to-year. Note that after the patterned year, from Quarter 4 to Quarter 1, incomes drop down; notwithstanding, time have indicated that Quarter 1 of the current year is as yet higher than that of the earlier years. From 2007 to 2008, there was a 13% change in income for Quarter 1 alone. In like manner, from 2010 to 2011, a 27% change was appeared. In the 2011 Annual Report, PepsiCo Inc has expressed that item rates has been expanding which has thusly expanded the expense of merchandise sold. Moreover, their ongoing association of quaker oats and accomplice organizations have seen an expansion in spending because of wasteful aspects in their work power. Estimating PepsiCo 2012 Q3 Net Revenue Looking forward, PepsiCo has been pulling together their crusade to sell their center item just as giving a significant work-power cut in the start of 2012. On the off chance that all goes easily, PepsiCo might have the option to accomplish their objective in Q3 of 2012. Utilizing the simmple straight relapse condition to gauge 2012 Q3 Net Revenue, PepsiCo Inc. Q3 objective for net income is $19,424 (in millions) Cost of Goods Sold and Selling and Administration Expense Under Simple Linear Regression model, the Proj. Cost of Goods Sold for Q3 2012 is as per the following: 2012 Q3 COGS = 2590. 4+(. 3131*Q2 2012 Net Revenue) 2012 Q3 COGS = 2590. 4+(. 3131*18204. 3) Proj. 2012 Q3 COGS = $8290. 16 Under Simple Linear Regression model, the Proj. Sell and Admin. Cost for Q3 2012 is as per the following: 2012 Q3 Samp;A Expense = 1021. 1+(. 3019*Q2 2012 Net Revenue) 012 Q3 Samp;A Expense = 1021. 1+(. 3019*18204. 3) Proj. 2012 Q3 Samp;A Expense = $6516. 98 Break-Even Point The Break-Even Point is determined by the Fixed Cost/Gross Margin. Since PepsiCo Inc. selling and organization cost isn't incredibly influenced by volume, we utilize this as our fixed expense. Bre

Managing ADD and ADHD at Work

Managing ADD and ADHD at Work ADHD Adult ADD/ADHD Print Managing ADD and ADHD in the Workplace By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on January 07, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images/Getty Images ADD can certainly have a negative effect on your work life. You may have trouble remembering information, managing your time, organizing and prioritizing, screening out distractions, and just getting started on tasks. You may have a hard time figuring out what is important and get bogged down and stuck on irrelevant details. You may find that deadlines seem to sneak up quickly or have a tough time simply planning out your day. Tips for Working With and Around Your ADD ADHD does not have to be limiting. Adults with ADHD can lead to productive, fulfilling, and successful lives. Some of our greatest business leaders, scientists, composers, and artists are known to have ADHD. They focus on their areas of strength rather than on the problems and they use simple strategies to manage their ADHD. How can you manage your ADHD to succeed in the workplace?  Here are some tips for facing those attention problems head-on. If you have an office job, request a private office for work and shut the door while you work to close out distractions. If you are unable to have a private office, ask for a cubicle away from the hustle and bustle of the main work area.Keep the work area clear of clutter. Have designated spots for pencils, paper, a calendar, and a daily planner.Use “white noise, earplugs, or earphones with other soothing sounds to mask the distracting work sounds in the office.Take frequent breaks. Plan them out in your day. Walk to get water at the water fountain, go to the bathroom, and make your way up the stairs for an exercise break. Get out of the office during lunch break for a refreshing walk.Try to have uninterrupted blocks of time during the day. Set your phone to go to automatic voice mail so it doesn’t distract you while on another task. Have a set time in the day to check messages. Write down all the messages.Keep a notepad with you during the day to write down any information you n eed to remember. Post-it notes are also nice for reminders. Try a dry erase board.Avoid over-scheduling your day. Schedule in extra time in casework assignments or meetings take longer than expected.During meetings hold something in your hands to keep them busy.Use a day planner.Make checklists and check off items as you complete list.Break up work into smaller, more manageable chunks.Give yourself small rewards for completed tasks.Get to work early or stay late so you can work when it is less hectic and busy.Ask co-workers to send information to you in writing or email so you can keep better track of it.Set your watch to beep about five minutes before a meeting so you won’t forget. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Density, Definition, How We Calculate It, Examples - 2200 Words

Density, Definition, How We Calculate It, Examples, What Affects It And How (Lab Report Sample) Content: Lab Report for the Density LabName:Section Number:Date of submission1.Density is calculated by dividing the mass of a specific object with its volume. It is a property which characterizes each substance. The mass of atoms, their size, and how they are positioned are related to the density of a substance. Its SI unit is kg/m. Objects which have the same volume but different mass also have different densities. Mass (m) is the quantity of matter in an object and stays the same regardless of the place or circumstances. TheSI unitof mass is thekilogram(kg). It is measured with the aid of a scale. Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object in the three dimensions and it is quantified using the SI unit called the cubic meter (m). It is measured in a different way for liquids and solids. The density is given by the following equation.D=mass / volume or D= m / VIn the case of a rectangular prism like a brick, for instance, there are 3 dimensions that need to be measured first and they are shown below. These are the prisms length, width and height. They will be measured with the help of a ruler or a measuring tape. This depends on the size of the object. After the dimensions are measured in meters (m), the volume can be calculated by multiplying the three dimensions mentioned above. The volume will be in m. The mass can be easily found with the aid of a scale and will be put in kilograms. Then from the above equation, the density is calculated in m/kg.As an example, there is the simple exercise below, where the density will be calculated with specific numbers. There are 3 rectangular prisms which have been weighed with the help of a scale and their mass has been written down in kilograms. Their length, width and height have been measured with the aid of a measuring tape and have been written down in meters. In order to calculate their volume, we have to multiply their 3 dimensions.For the green prism, we have V=0.2m*0.2m*0.3m=0.012md=m/V=24 kg/0.012 m=2000kg/ mFor the yellow prism, we have V= 0.1*0.1*0.4=0.004 md=m/V=77.2kg/0,004 m=19300kg/ mAnd for the brown prism, we have V=0.2*0.4*0.6=0.048 md=m/V=14.4/0.048= 3000kg/ mIf our prism is smaller, the units of its mass and dimensions could be in grams and meters, respectively. In that case, we can have the following example.The mass is again found with the help of a scale. However, since now it is a much smaller object than before, an electronic scale of high accuracy must be used. The mass is found to be 200g. The dimensions are measured with the help of either a measuring tape or a ruler. A ruler can be easily used due to the small size of the object. For the volume, we multiply the height, length and width. Volume of cuboid = Length Width Height = 6 4 5 = 120 cm. Then, the density is easily calculated. Density = Mass/Volume = 200/120 = 1.67 g/cm. This can be converted to the units of SI, but it is better to stay as it is, due to the great number of decimals.3. Whe n we change the temperature of a substance, its volume changes too. It may expand or contract. The vast majority of materials grow in volume if we raise their temperature, while the opposite happens if their temperature drops. This phenomenon is called thermal expansion and thermal contraction, respectively. Thermal expansion happens when an object becomes larger due to an increase in the object's temperature. This is because temperature affects the energy of its molecules. If their energy increases, their movement increases, too. A higher temperature means that the molecules move with a higher speed and more freely than before. As a result, they move further apart from each other so the object expands. As a consequence, the volume of the object will increase. The opposite happens when we remove heat from a material. The amount of matter, however, stays the same.Molecules are not affected by changes in temperature. Their size and number stay the same. They just move closer or apart from each other. That is the mechanism that causes an object to expand or contract if the temperature rises or drops respectively. Water, for instance, can be found in three states. It is liquid in its state at about 20 degrees Celsius. When water is heated, its molecules move in a more free way. When the temperature gets to the boiling point for water (100 degrees Celsius), it changes its liquid state and begins to evaporate. Every liquid has a different boiling point. Gases have molecules that move even more freely and can expand so much that can even expand to cover a whole room. It should be mentioned that the particles in solids cannot leave their fixed places as they have stronger bonds between them, so solids do not show a great change of their volume if the temperature is ...

A Dolls House Feminism Essay - 1763 Words

Feminism has always been a highly feuded topic. The fight for equal rights began with the vote, and then went on to challenge systematic sexism women face in everyday life, and due to this many authors have set out to tackle this complicated, controversial topic. However, there were some that wrote about feminist issues without realizing it, such as Henrik Ibsen. In his play ‘A Doll’s House’ Henrik approaches the topic of marriage, gender roles within marriage, and whether a not a women becomes an extension of her husband once she is married; it brings about an interesting debate about women individuality in marriage. And by writing this, he caused a spark a debate that is still being held today. Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’†¦show more content†¦In it she talks about how Ibsen cannot possibly be a feminist due to the way he portrays Nora; â€Å"All female, or no woman at all, Nora loses either way. Frivolous, deceitful, or u nwomanly, she qualifies neither as a heroine nor as a spokeswoman for feminism† (Templeton 28). However, this argument directly contradicts feminism as a whole, and breaks down her whole article. Templeton started her article as a literary analysis, and quickly turned it into a personal attack on Ibsen and his critics, which is how many of the anti-feminist writings turned out to be. In an article from South Central Review Maria DiCenzo talks about the influence of modernism, which feminism is classified into, and how it has no meaning: â€Å"One could certainly argue that revisionist definitions of modernism have undermined its usefulness as a term: it has come to encompass so much that it has ceased to mean anything at all. I would like to posit, from the outset, that it remains most useful in its restrictive, high modernist, sense - what I refer to above as the Eliot/Pound/Woolf nexus and the literary/artistic avant-garde experiments of the early de- cades of the twentieth century - rather than in the expanded uses which have resulted from attempts to address the omissions and blindspots that characterized modernist studies for so long† (DiCenzo 37). The argument goes after the idea of feminism, rather than addressing it in theShow MoreRelatedA Dolls House Feminism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesboth men and women over the course of centuries, and just now are gender rights movements slowly starting to become more prevalent to attempt to erase these injustices and roles set upon by society itself. In Henrik Ibsen’s theatrical play A Doll’s House, the audience observes the story of Nora Helmer, a loving housewife whose subordination to her husband is the central aspect of the narrative. The play questions family values and the ideal spousal dynamic or the nineteenth century, thus providingRead MoreA Doll House : A Play From Different Perspectives1557 Words   |  7 PagesSean Walsh Literary Perspectives Research Essay A Doll House: A Play from Different Perspectives When A Doll House was first produced Ibsen successfully shocked and angered many who went to go see it. However if you google A Doll House today you’ll find many article’s praising it for its feminist themes. When looking at reviews for A Doll House after its first production I find no mention of feminism but rather many called it untrue and one even called the third act â€Å"it’s Achilles heel†(AvisRead MoreA Critics Opinion of a Dolls House1743 Words   |  7 PagesDestiny Maxfield Mrs. Collar Engl. 1302 19 November 2012 A Critic’s Opinion of A Doll’s House In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House many views could be seen from both sides of the gender world. Critics will argue about the true meaning of the story and why Ibsen wrote the story. The main points of the play that critics discuss are sexuality i.e. feminism, the wrong doing of the father figure, and spiritual revolution. I believe these critics are each right in their own way from my understanding of theRead MoreCompare and Contrast a Doll House by Henrik Ibsen and a Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams. Write a Brief Essay (of Approximately 1000 Words) to Comment on the Two Female Protagonists‚Äà ´ (Nora Helmer and Blanche1136 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams. Write a brief essay (of approximately 1000 words) to comment on the two female protagonists’ (Nora Helmer and Blanche Duboi’s) relationship with men. A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams are two well-known plays that give rise to discussions over male-female relationships in old society. The female protagonists in the plays are women who are dependentRead MoreEssay on Feminist Protagonists in The Awakening and A Dolls House755 Words   |  4 PagesAwakening and A Dolls House    The idea of womens liberation is a common theme in both Kate Chopins The Awakening and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. In her analysis of Feminism in Europe Katharine M. Rogers writes, Thinking of Noras painful disillusionment, her parting from her children, and the uncertainties of her future independent career, Ibsen called his play the tragedy of modern times (82). The main characters in each work, Nora Helmer, in A Doll House, and Edna Pontellier, inRead MoreGender And Gender Roles Have Radically From The Time Henrick Ibsen s A Doll House1203 Words   |  5 Pages The idea of gender and gender roles have evolved minimally from the time Henrick Ibsen â€Å"A Doll House,† was first published. In the late 1800s, just before the beginning of the first wave of feminism in the United States and Europe, women were looking for ways to gain independence from their â€Å"duty† to marry a man, have children, and live a life to home and yearned for the freedom to choose what kin d of lives they wanted to live, what they wanted to do, etc. In the beginning of the play, the viewsRead MoreMarxism is the belief that human consciousness is a product of one’s economic conditions, social600 Words   |  3 Pagesthere are no classes and everyone is equal. (Merriam) Feminism is organized activity on behalf of womens rights and interests, believing that there should be equal rights for all women regardless of race, creed, economic conditions, educational status, physical appearance, or ability. (Merriam) In the play â€Å"A Doll House† by Henrik Ibsen, it has been debated for many years which of these factions are being referenced by the playwright. In this essay, I will show that through symbolism and charactersRead MoreThe Movements Of Dada And Futurism1600 Words   |  7 Pages In this essay, I will be discussing the two movements ‘Dada’ and ‘Futurism’, with reference to their conceptual contexts and representative plays, there will also be analysis to how these two movements contrast to realism/ naturalism. Links will also be made to the plays, with the use of scholarly sources to back up the argument and then coming to a final conclusion at the end of the essay. Dada was an artistic and literary movement, this arose as a reaction to World War one. Many citizens believedRead MoreEssay on Theme of Self-discovery in The Awakening and A Dolls House1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Self-discovery in The Awakening and A Doll House      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chopins The Awakening and Ibsens A Doll House, the main characters each experience an awakening. Although they lead different lives, Nora Helmer and Edna Pontelliers respective awakenings are caused by similar factors. From the beginning, neither character fits the standard stereotype of women in the society in which they lived. Another factor that influences Nora and Ednas awakenings is their marital relationship. NeitherRead More Essay on Animal Imagery in A Dolls House974 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Imagery in A Dolls House    Animal imagery in Henrick Ibsens play, A Dolls House is a critical part of the character development of Nora, the protagonist. Ibsen uses creative, but effective, animal imagery to develop Noras character throughout the play. He has Torvald call his wife his little lark(Isben) or sulky squirrel(Isben) or other animal names throughout the play. He uses a lot of bird imagery-calling her many different bird names. The name Torvald uses directly

Taking a Look at Existentialism - 1640 Words

Existentialism when looked in a dictionary means a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their development through acts of the will. This theory emphasizes on the existence of man as an individual and how every choices exerted by him determines a different course of action for him. Existentialism when looked in a lexicon implies a philosophical hypothesis or methodology which accentuates the presence of the distinctive individual as a free and capable executor deciding their particular advancement through demonstrations of the will. This hypothesis accentuates on the presence of man as a singular and how every decisions pushed by him decides an alternate approach for him. Existentialism is a philosophical viewpoint that anxieties the imperativeness of unrestrained choice, opportunity of decision, and moral obligation. This viewpoint underlines the exceptional encounters of every person an d the obligation of every individual for their decisions and what they make of themselves. Since it picked up ubiquity at the end of the second world war , the expression existentialism has basically been connected with a social development that developed out of the wartime scholarly air of the Left Bank in Paris and spread through fiction and symbolization to the extent that logic. The hypothetical and different compositions of Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, and FrantzShow MoreRelatedEssay on Existentialism in Bill Watterson’s Comic Strips1592 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor of the famous comic strips â€Å"Calvin and Hobbes† syndicated from 1985 to 1995. In these short-stories, Calvin is a creative kid full of childish pranks, and together with Hobbes, a deep-thinking stuffed tiger, they both stand as examples of existentialism in comic strips. Through Calvin’s desperate choices and decisions over many circumstances in the stories, he struggl es against a continually changing world. The characters’ actions portray the humanity disorder; people who are controlled in aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Guest By Albert Camus1082 Words   |  5 Pages the troubles, a man faces for his neutral behavior of taking either side in the colonial conflict in Algeria. Further, the story emphasizes many of Camus’s most characteristic themes like individual alienation, absurdism, the value of human life, responsibility, the difficulty of moral choice, and the ambiguity of actions. In this short story, Camus uses symbolism, irony, foreshadowing and conflict to represent the concept of existentialism, absurdism, and morality. The story starts with Daru, theRead MoreEssay on Jean Paul Sartres Writing - No Exit528 Words   |  3 Pages Jean Paul Sartre’s Philosophical Writing nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jean Paul Sartre personally believed in the philosophical idea of existentialism, which is demonstrated in his play No Exit. His ideas of existentialism were profoundly outlined in the play. Based on the idea that mental torture is more agonizing than physical, No Exit leaves the reader with mixed emotions towards the importance of consequences for one’s acts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Set in Hell, the vision of the underworldRead MoreDiscussion of the View that Morality and Religion are Linked Essay583 Words   |  3 Pages action dictated to humans to carry out by God is morally right or acceptable. Looking from this point of view, morality would be based on unchangeable laws and this view is deontological because it based on golden rules and does not look at present consequences before it is considered moral or right. This view makes morality objective as it lays down certain rules for humans to live by. The Euthyphro dialogue is what the issue of religion and morality is basedRead MoreThe Stranger by Albert Camus Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages The Word existence comes from the Latin root â€Å"ex† out, and sistere from stare, which means to stand (rise up). Existentialism literally means pertaining to existence or in logic, predicating existence. Philosophically existentialism applies to a vision of the condition and existence or lack of one, with God. According to Kierkegaard, Christian existentialism is all meaning and serenity which comes through one’s relationship with God by putting our selves in his hands and finding freedom from tensionsRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1739 Words   |  7 Pages Existentialism: Wild(2014) and Into the Wild(2007) For this paper, both movies used to explain Existentialism are adapted from real stories. The first film is Wild, starring Reese Witherspoon as Cheryl Strayed and the second is Into the Wild, starring Emile Hirsch as Christopher McCandless. In Sartre’s definition of existentialism, human existence precedes essence, therefore leading to meaning, purpose and identity. When Chris and Cheryl leave their family, friends and everything else they knowRead MoreEssay about The Hero and Anti-Hero in Joseph Conrad?s Heart of Darkness1378 Words   |  6 Pages Marlow?s rationality is one of his great features. He has the ability to view life from such an adaptable open minded psyche, that it is often baffling. He is truly a humble man, just trying to be the best person that he can be, without taking advantage of anyone. Unfortunately he becomes infatuated with Kurtz as time passes. He is astounded by Kurtz?s Charisma and the loyalty of his followers. Marlow becomes convinc ed that the reason Kurtz is idolized is because he has proven himselfRead MoreRachita Taneja. Professor Debashree Sinha. Aamn601 Minor1225 Words   |  5 PagesRachita Taneja Professor Debashree Sinha AAMN601 Minor Project - I 10 March 2017 Ionesco’s Rhinoceros: The Exposition of Existentialism Eugene Ionesco’s first full-length play, Rhinoceros demonstrates the apprehension about the spread of inhuman totalitarian tendencies within the society. The drama written in 1959 is inspired by Ionesco’s personal experiences with fascism during World War II, this absurd drama depicts the struggle of a person to maintain his identity and integrity aloneRead MoreAnalyzing Existential Psychology1263 Words   |  5 Pagesaction, choice, responsibility, and care in life. Four kinds of love have been defined by May. These include Eros, sex, agape and philia. Sex is not believed as an important biological function; rather it has been mixed with many relationships thus taking the importance of trivialization. Eros is built on tenderness and care. It is the desire to have sex with the person being loved. Nonsexual friendship is philia which may include sex. Agape is known as spiritual love but the risk of playing God existsRead MoreThe Enlightenment From A Dualist s View1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovided. Through this public discourse, if the public sees the both sides of an idea, people will be able to reach the truth, which will lead to their own enlightenment. On the other hand, in the second half of the semester, we focused on the existentialism. Often times, my friends and I joke about how much we have existential crisis in college because we’re so overwhelmed by everything in our lives. I feel like as human beings, we experience existential crisis at least once in our lives. Existential

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It

Et al. essentially means â€Å"and others,† extra, or in addition. It is the abbreviated form of the Latin expression et alia (or et alii or et aliae, the masculine and feminine form of the plural, respectively). The abbreviation et al. often appears in academic documents. It is generally used in footnotes and citations: for example, when a book has multiple authors, et al. can be used after the first name to indicate that there are more than two other authors who worked on the project.   How to Use Et Al. Et al. can be used in a situation that refers to more than two people. Make sure it’s always followed with a period, which indicates that it’s an abbreviation, but given its prevalence in the English language, italicizing it is not necessary in reference citations, though some publications may require it. According to the APA, it should only be used when there are two or more authors. For three to five authors, all names must be listed within the first citation, but all following citations can include just the name of the first author and et al. For six or more authors, the first author and et al. can be used in all citations, including the first. If you’re referencing sources with many of the same authors, spell out as many names as possible before using et al., until there is no room for confusion. If using a different style guide, be sure to reference the corresponding manual as rules can differ. Keep in mind that since et al. is plural, it must apply to at least two people. For example, if you are dealing with four authors and have typed out three names, you cannot use et al. to substitute the last one, since it cannot be used in place of just one person. Does it have a place outside of citations? Generally, no. Though not technically incorrect, it would be rare, and overly formal, to see it within an email greeting to multiple people, such as: â€Å"Dear Bill et al.†Ã‚   Et Al. vs. Etc. Et al. might sound familiar to another abbreviation we encounter regularly: â€Å"etc.† Short for â€Å"et cetera†Ã¢â‚¬â€which means â€Å"and the rest† in Latin—â€Å"etc.† refers to a list of things, rather than individuals. Unlike et al. which normally makes appearances in academic sources, â€Å"etc.† is both formal and informal and can be used in a wide variety of contexts. Examples of Et Al. Jolly et al. (2017) published a revolutionary study on the role of the gut microbiome: In this sentence, et al. doesn’t appear on a reference list, but still serves to indicate that Jolly and others contributed to the study in question.  Some large-scale surveys found cats to be the preferred pet (McCann et al., 1980) while others found dogs to be the ideal pet (Grisham Kane, 1981): In this example, et al. is used in the first citation because there are more than two authors. If this is a first citation, that indicates there are six or more authors, or if this is a subsequent citation in the text, there could be three or above authors. Et al. is not used in the last citation because there are only two authors who worked on the study.  Meditation once a week was found to improve focus by 20% in study participants (Hunter, Kennedy, Russell, Aarons, 2009). Meditation once a day was found to increase focus by 40% among participants (Hunter et al., 2009): This example, though citations of the same study would normally not occur in such close proximity, shows how et al. is used when introducing a work co-authored by three to five individuals. Et al. is reserved for all subsequent citations, with the first clearly naming everyone involved.   The Other â€Å"Et Al.†: Et Alibi In less common situations, et al. stands for et alibi, which refers to locations that will not appear in a list. For example, if you went on a trip, you could use et alibi when writing down the places and hotels you visited so you don’t have to name all of them. This can also be used to refer to locations within a text.   How do you remember what this means? Think of an alibi, which is used to prove that a criminal suspect was elsewhere when the crime took place, thus absolving them of suspicion.

Eva Mitchell Child Development Observation Report

The Eva Mitchell Child Development Center is a daycare center for employees and students of Hampton University. On October 10, 2017 I was part of the first group that attended the development center to participate in a classroom observation of students and teachers. We wanted to be able to observe both younger and older children. In order to secure good and well-rounded observations they split us into two groups. My group followed the oldest children of the two groups, around the ages of two to four years. The second group mirrored ages two and younger. After thirty minutes we were to switch classrooms and watch the succeeding group. Upon entering the room, you see colors surrounding every surface of the area. The walls are covered in the†¦show more content†¦One thing I wish we could have done differently was make it mandatory to be at the center on time. Every time a late student walked in it made it further difficult to take the attention away from us. Consequently, makin g me question whether the kids would have acted accordingly had we not been there. We entered the room towards the middle of story time, but throughout the remanding reading I noticed a few things. During the reading, the teacher spoke in a monotone voice and had little facial changes. As a child, I remember getting read to and how exciting it was to hear the different voice octaves in the speaker’s voice as they told the story. When the character was saying something exciting her voice, tone, and facial expressions should have changed to represent that excitement. This animation would grab the child’s attention and further build the student’s interest in reading. Additionally, I noticed how half the students seemed to be into the book, eyes focused on the teacher and/or making comments about the book when they felt necessary. On the other hand the rest of the students seemed less focused with wondering eyes that seemed to frequently find us in the back of the room. I didn’t fine my observations during story time too telling because the students were still getting use to us beingShow MoreRelatedGender-Based Disaster Relief And Ngo Efforts: A Case Study10156 Words   |  41 Pages Gender-Based Disaster Relief and NGO Efforts: A case study of the majhi community in the 2015 Earthquake. By RABINA KC (201529240001) SCHOOL OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY BEIJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR YANG LICHAO 1. Introduction 1.1. Background In Nepal, on 25th April 2015 Saturday at 11;56 local times, a 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit Barpak in the historic district of Gorkha, about 76 km northwest of Kathmandu. Since the major shock till 7th June 2015, there were 300Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesinterested in gaining direct insights into specialized management accounting areas will Wnd this book to be an especially valuable reference source. Established Welds cannot grow in the absence of committed Wgureheads who tirelessly contribute to their development. One individual who has contributed immensely to management accounting thought and practice over the course of more than four decades is Michael Bromwich. Bromwich, who is about to retire as CIMA Professor of Accounting and Financial ManagementRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesUnited States today, significant workforce shortages exist due to an inadequate supply of workers with the skill s needed to perform the jobs being added. In the last several years news reports have regularly described tight labor markets with unemployment rates in some locales below 3%. Also, continuously there are reports by industries and companies facing shortages of qualified, 6 Section 1 HR Management—Strategies and Environment experienced workers. Jobs with extreme supply shortages forRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesproduct or service development should be What the appropriate time horizons for investments and financial planning are How to implement productive cost reduction How to recognize when regular audits of quality compliance will not guarantee customer loyalty Businesses are growing more intricate and at warp speed. For example, consider the effects of venture capital financing, multiple marketing channel distribution, and entirely new patterns of employee recruiting, development, and training. In

A Global Overview of a Fast Relief Market Free Essays

A Project Report On A Global Overview Of A FAST RELIEF Market Submitted in Partial fulfillment for the requirement of the Degree of Master of Business Administration (International Business) from SUS College of engineering and technology,Tangori, Mohali.. Under the Guidance of: Submitted to: Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on A Global Overview of a Fast Relief Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now SUNIL Mr. ANIL Mr. PANKAJ SIR Submitted By: NANCY GOYAL MBA Acknowledgement I am very much thankful to Mr. Karun Narang (MD, Eastern Medikit Ltd. ) and Mr. D. Tyagi (AGM, Eastern Medikit Ltd) who allowed me to undergo summer training in their esteemed organization. This report deserves the special mention of few names, Mr. SUNIL PALand Mr. ANIL KUMAR SINGH , who guided me all the way and helped me at each of the stage. They helped me to gain knowledge about the various aspects of their organization. They shared their professional experiences, which will be very much useful for me in the long run. I would like to give a bunch of thanks to Mr. Bhupendra Singh, Mr. Krishna Sharma, Mr. V. P. Joshi, Mr. Jagmohan Roy, Mr. Pankaj Pandey, Mr. Amit Sharma, Mr. Guru Prasad, Mr. Pradeep Dua, Mr. Kunjal Patel, Mr. Ajay Sharma, Miss Piyali Chakraborty and Mr. Ankkur who helped me to improve my research work. I can not forget to thank all those people who directly or indirectly cooperated me during my training period. NANCY GOYAL SUS C. E. T TANGORI MOHALI.. INDEX * Introduction What is Fast Relief Medikit’s fast relief Details Competitors and Their Profile * SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis * Competitive analysis * Marketing mix * Strategies * Costs * Media costs Eastern Medikit Ltd Medikit is the India’s largest medical device export company Medikit has 5 manufacturing facilities in and around Gurgaon, covering 125,000 sq. ft with 25,000 sq. ft as class 10,000 and class 1,00,000 clean rooms. Our organizational strengths are rooted within Medikit’s unique flexibility to evolve and improve products and processes by deployment of globally competent manufacturing practices. Read Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics With ongoing in-house development of proprietary equipment and manufacturing techniques, our research and development activities along with our exclusive design and development centre ensure that Medikit is customer-driven and stays ahead, always. FAST RELIEF Definition â€Å"Fast relief† is a pain reliever product of medikit ltd. It is a extra strong pain reliever product. The main competitors of this is MOOV and HIMANI FAST RELIEF.. The new launched product fast relief has a unique and ayurvedic composition elements.. like Oil of wintergreen 15. 0% Pudina ka phool 5% Tarpin tel 3% Nilgiri tel 2% Base (bees wax) q. s. All these ingredients provides ‘sootthing warmth’ to relieve pain instantly.. which is the requirement. Purpose The purpose of this product is basically to give relief instantly from the backache pain. It works with its special ingredients to give relief from the backache. Its main purpose is to give warmth and soothing feeling at the pain area and to give quick relief. It works like a miracle at the pain.. Company’s Product Details MedifinTM| |   FAST RELIEF from MEDIKIT | | | Geographic Markets:DELHI , UP, MUMBAI, VARANASI, CHENNAI, BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH, LUCKNOW.. | | Product Details | Benefits| Being in topical form it is devoid of all undesireable effects of oral route.. | So it helps to maintain the valid effects. | Soft and therapeutic. | Gives instant relief. | Starts work immediately after application. | Complies with standard and quality norms. | Attractive design and coloured packaging. | Gives satisfaction quickly.. Gives soothing warmth. | To improve the body muscles so that relive remains for more time. | No sideeffects . | An ayurvedic cure. | Topical preparation gives therapeutic effects only at the site of application that’s local relief.. | Cheap and economical. Specially for common man. | MARKETING OF THE PRODUCT.. INTRODUCTION.. MARKETING IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT ASPECT OF ANY BUSINESS AND SO WE WOULD ANALYSE VARIOU S MARKETING STRATEGIES MAINLY PEST ANALYSIS AND SWOT ANALYSIS , COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS ARE BEEN DONE AND EXPLAINED IN THERE.. MARKET SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING.. DELHI,UP,MUMBAI, VARANASI,BRALIEY,CHENNAI,BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH,LUCKNOW,MP,CALCUTTA. AGE- ABOVE 30 YEARS. GENDER- SPECIALLY FOR FEMALES. FAMILY SIZE- FOR BOTH BIG AND NUCLEAR FAMILIES SOCIO ECO CLASS- MIDDLE AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS. PEST ANALYSIS.. Pest analysis stands for political,economical,social,and,technological analysis of macroenviornmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. it is a part of the external analysis when onducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macroenviornmental factors that the company has to take into the consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential,and direction for operations.. POLITICAL- Govt support. , no risk for OTC brands. ECONOMIC- It is cheap and economical.. as it is available in different-different small packaging. It enhances the GDP growth and liberlisation. SOCIAL- Its is a innovative product suits the demands of the changing preferences of the society. It is suitable for the needs and aspirations of the common individual. TECHNOLOGICAL- It is made by the use of best technological machines. It has given a quality packaging with double lamination on the outer and inner area of the tube. SWOT ANALYSIS. Swot analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.. STRENGTHS- It is an ayurvedic product. It is quick and instant pain reliever than any other relief balm. Its branding is fabulous and standardized Its channels of distribution and dedicated Employees working for its successful promotion. A huge capital investment.. WEAKNESS- It is a new product in the market. It has low market share now. OPPORTUNITIES- There is a huge market demanding innovation And change. Changing tastes and preferences of consumers. THREATS- The problem of brand loyality and mindset of Consumres regarding a specific product and its Quality. Popularity of competitive brands like moov. The condition of market is also a big threat. . POSITIONING STRATEGY.. The positioning strategy is an effective and important instrument for a business venture and for the product as well. As it causes the success of the product.. â€Å"FAST RELIEF† â€Å"AN AYURVEDIC CURE FOR YOUR PAIN† The positioning strategy should be strong and effective enough to make the product strong and popular.. TARGET AUDIENCE The main target audience are middle class family and low midlle class family woman, who works in the offices as well as in homes and have no time to go to doctors for their ignorable backaches.. INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Definition â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent. † Richard Gerster The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of India’s science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. A highly organized sector, the Indian Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4. 5 billion, growing at about 8 to 9 percent annually. It ranks very high in the third world, in terms of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, almost every type of medicine is now made indigenously. Playing a key role in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field of medicines, Indian Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and many units approved by regulatory authorities in USA and UK. International companies associated with this sector have stimulated, assisted and spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 years and helped to put India on the pharmaceutical map of the world. The Indian Pharmaceutical sector is highly fragmented with more than 20,000 registered units. It has expanded drastically in the last two decades. The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market leader holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and government price control. The pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country’s demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These units produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations, i. e. , medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs, i. e. , chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations. Following the de-licensing of the pharmaceutical industry, industrial licensing for most of the drugs and pharmaceutical products has been done away with. Manufacturers are free to produce any drug duly approved by the Drug Control Authority. Technologically strong and totally self-reliant, the pharmaceutical industry in India has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovative scientific manpower, strength of national laboratories and an increasing balance of trade. The Pharmaceutical Industry, with its rich scientific talents and research capabilities, supported by Intellectual Property Protection regime is well set to take on the international market. ADVANTAGE IN INDIA Competent workforce: India has a pool of personnel with high managerial and technical competence as also skilled workforce. It has an educated work force and English is commonly used. Professional services are easily available. Cost-effective chemical synthesis: Its track record of development, particularly in the area of improved cost-beneficial chemical synthesis for various drug molecules is excellent. It provides a wide variety of bulk drugs and exports sophisticated bulk drugs. Legal Financial Framework: India has a 53 year old democracy and hence has a solid legal framework and strong financial markets. There is already an established international industry and business community. Information Technology: It has a good network of world-class educational institutions and established strengths in Information Technology. Globalization: The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. Above all, it has a 70 million middle class market, which is continuously growing. Consolidation: For the first time in many years, the international pharmaceutical industry is finding great opportunities in India. The process of consolidation, which has become a generalized phenomenon in the world pharmaceutical industry, has started taking place in India. THE GROWTH SCENARIO India’s US$ 3. 1 billion pharmaceutical industry is growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial year 2002, which accounts for merely 1. 3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs will account for Rs 54 bn (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 bn (79%). In financial year 2001, imports were Rs 20 bn while exports were Rs87 bn. The above graph shows the percentage of pharmaceutical products export by various countries. (SOURCE Competitiveness of the Indian pharmaceutical industry in the new product patent regime a report by FICCI) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or Biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions. Drug development refers to activities undertaken after a compound is identified as a potential drug in order to establish its suitability as a medication. Objectives of drug development are to determine appropriate Formulation and Dosing, as well as to establish safety. Research in these areas generally includes a combination of in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. The amount of capital required for late stage development has made it a historical strength of the larger pharmaceutical companies Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations. Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are to explore the potential of new drug substances formed The cost of innovation Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. Each year, only about 25 truly novel drugs (New chemical entities) are approved for marketing. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (New chemical entity or NCE), has been estimated at about 1 billion USD. A study by the consulting firm Bain ; Company reported that the cost for discovering, developing and launching (which factored in marketing and other business expenses) a new drug (along with the prospective drugs that fail) rose over a five year period to nearly $1. 7 billion in 2003. These estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop. The consumer advocacy group Public Citizen suggests on its web site that the actual cost is under $200 million, about 29% of which is spent on FDA-required clinical trials. For me-too-drugs and for generics, the cost are even less. Calculations and claims in this area are controversial because of the implications for regulation and subsidization of the industry through federally funded research grants. Controversy about drug development and testing There have been increasing accusations and findings that clinical trials conducted or funded by pharmaceutical companies are much more likely to report positive results for the preferred medication. In response to public outcry about specific cases in which unfavorable data from pharmaceutical company-sponsored research was suppressed, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have published new guidelines urging companies to report all findings and limit the financial involvement in drug companies of researchers. As a result of this public outcry and Pharma response the US congress signed into law a bill which requires phase II and phase III clinical trials to be registered by the sponsor on the NIH website Drug researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often look to companies for grants, and companies often look to researchers for studies that will make their products look favorable. Sponsored researchers are rewarded by drug companies, for example with support for their conference/symposium costs. Lecture scripts and even journal articles presented by academic researchers may actually be ‘ghost-written’ by pharmaceutical companies. Some researchers who have tried to reveal ethical issues with clinical trials or who tried to publish papers that show harmful effects of new drugs or cheaper alternatives have been threatened by drug companies with lawsuits. Product approval in the US In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the FDA as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational new drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. A fourth phase of post-approval surveillance is also often required due to the fact that even the largest clinical trials cannot effectively predict the prevalence of rare side-effects. Post-marketing surveillance ensures that after marketing the safety of a drug is monitored closely. In certain instances, its indication may need to be limited to particular patient groups, and in others the substance is withdrawn from the market completely. Questions continue to be raised regarding the standard of both the initial approval process, and subsequent changes to product labeling (it may take many months for a change identified in post-approval surveillance to be reflected in product labeling) and this is an area where congress is active. The FDA provides information about approved drugs at the Orange Book site. In the UK, the British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians. Orphan drugs There are special rules for certain rare diseases (â€Å"orphan diseases†) involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances. Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such disease s is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents. Industry revenues For the first time ever, in 2006, global spending on prescription drugs topped $643 billion, even as growth slowed somewhat in Europe and North America. The United States accounts for almost half of the global pharmaceutical market, with $289 billion in annual sales followed by the EU and Japan. Emerging markets such as China, Russia, South Korea and Mexico outpaced that market, growing a huge 81 percent. US profit growth was maintained even whilst other top industries saw slowed or no growth. Despite this, â€Å".. he pharmaceutical industry is — and has been for years — the most profitable of all businesses in the U. S. In the annual Fortune 500 survey, the pharmaceutical industry topped the list of the most profitable industries, with a return of 17% on revenue. † Pfizer’s cholesterol pill Lipitor remains the best-selling drug in the world for the fifth year in a row. Its annual sales were $12. 9 billion, more than twice as much as its closest competitors: Plavix, the blood thinner from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis; Nexium, the heartburn pill from AstraZeneca; and Advair, the asthma inhaler from GlaxoSmithKline. IMS Health publishes an analysis of trends expected in the pharmaceutical industry in 2007, including increasing profits in most sectors despite loss of some patents, and new ‘blockbuster’ drugs on the horizon. Teradata Magazine predicted that by 2007, $40 billion in U. S. sales could be lost at the top 10 pharma companies as a result of slowdown in RD innovation and the expiry of patents on major products, with 19 blockbuster drugs losing patent. STEPS TO STRENGTHEN THE INDUSTRY Indian companies need to attain the right product-mix for sustained future growth. Core competencies will play an important role in determining the future of many Indian pharmaceutical companies in the post product-patent regime after 2005. Indian companies, in an effort to consolidate their position, will have to increasingly look at merger and acquisition options of either companies or products. This would help them to offset loss of new product options, improve their RD efforts and improve distribution to penetrate markets. Research and development has always taken the back seat amongst Indian pharmaceutical companies. In order to stay competitive in the future, Indian companies will have to refocus and invest heavily in RD. The Indian pharmaceutical industry also needs to take advantage of the recent advances in biotechnology and information technology. The future of the industry will be determined by how well it markets its products to several regions and distributes risks, its forward and backward integration capabilities, its RD, its consolidation through mergers and acquisitions, co-marketing and licensing agreements. INTRODUCTION TO EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD COMPANY PROFILE â€Å"A company empowered by one mission –to place itself on the world map. An enterprise propelled by one force-that synergizes its energies to charter unexplored markets. Organizations fuelled by one dream-to transform competition into opportunity. † Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. was incorporated in June 1961, in the name of M/S LEPITIT EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD and it commenced its business in MARCH 1962, in technical and financial collaboration with an international company named LEPTIT SPA, MILAN, ITALY. Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. merged with â€Å"Leptit Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. † in 1962 Eastern Medikit Ltd and company also merged with this company in 1966. The collaboration arrangement with M/S LEPTIT was terminated in 1966; after which Indian nationals acquired the entire share capital of the company. Therefore the word Leptit was removed from the name of the company. The name is known as EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED. In 1973 the company issued shares to the general public and became a full fledged PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY. Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd has emerged as a Leading Pharmaceutical Company on the Indian firmament, with the second largest market share and enjoys an enviable reputation for its high standard of ethics and quality around its core strength of anti-infective, it has produced new brands in emerging therapeutic areas like cardiovascular, central nervous system and nutritional. supporting this expansion, the company has invested in world class manufacturing infrastructure that leverages India’s comparative cost advantage and skilled manpower, while delivering international quality. The company’s drive for Internationalism is guided by the well planned brand strategy that covers some of the world emerging markets like China, cis, Central Europe and Latin America . Its position today is in league of the Top Ten Pharmaceutical companies of three world an decent ranking as the eleventh largest company in the international generics space is the resounding endorsement of its strategic mind. It is clear that for a long time, the dominant share of revenues of the company would continue to come from the ever expanding global generics market. Hence the intent of Eastern Medikit Ltd mission is to achieve a sustained growth rate through the continuous pursuit of innovation phase one trials for pervasion, a compound for treating prosthetic males have been completed. Phase 1 trials with clafrinast, an asthma compound is an important step towards research based value creation. This company also had success with Ciplofloxacine, an ingenious form, created through the novel drug delivery systems research. As the demand of the bulk drugs inside the country and abroad was increasingly rapidly a new, plant was set up at Toansa near Ropar in 1987. This was a higher capacity plant designed to cater to the present and future needs, initially antibiotics like Ampicillin, Trihydrate and Doxycycline were manufactured. Later, on the other drugs like Cephalexin monohydrate and Ranitidine were also prepared. The plant at Toansa was designed to meet the stringent standards set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of U. S. A. This plant has been approved by FDA and this will open up American and other newer markets for Eastern Medikit Ltd’s products At present Eastern Medikit Ltd have four plants for the manufacture of bulk drugs two at Mohali, one at Dewas (M. P) AND Another at Toansa near ROPAR. At present, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the second most Indian company engaged in the manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals, Bulk Drugs and Fine Chemicals. EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD’s vast range of highly pure laboratory reagent and chemicals enjoy a place of pride in the market. IT trends, has rebuilt As a step towards leveraging information for value creation using its information backbone around an ERP application, along the focus on reengineering several business processes around the internet and has putting place business solutions that challenge existing ways of doing Business. The undying spirit of the company’s human assets and their intensive competitive and entrepreneurial energy has played a great part in transforming the company into a multicultural and multiracial team. Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the largest exporter accounting for 12% of the industry exports pharmaceutical substance and dosages forms to over 50 countries with the internationals sales comprising of 45% of the total turnover. VISION: GARUDA During the year 2002, the company has evolved a 10-year vision till 2012, for sustaining significant growth consistent with its mission to be an international research based Pharmaceutical Company, under the rubric ‘Vision Garuda’, with increasing emphasis on Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research (DDR). In licensing and out licensing, relationship with other important pharmaceutical entities, expansion of manufacturing facilities both in India and strategic overseas locations, revamping of organizational structures to cater to the wider and more dispersed span of operations, and streamlining and standardizing the business processes through out the global organization, are other areas that receive focus and attention of management on priority. Mission â€Å"To become a Research based International pharmaceutical company† Vision-2012 Achieve significant business in Proprietary prescription products By 2012 With a strong presence in developed markets Aspirations-2012 Aspire to be a$5 billion company Become a Top 5 global generics player Significant income from Proprietary products BOARD OF DIRECTORS At the helm entire operations is the experience and able direction of the people who make it all happen. Eastern Medikit Ltd acknowledges their inspiring stewardship and indefatigable work. * Mr. Tejendra Khanna(Chairman) * Mr. D. S. Brar (CEO $ Managing Director) * Mr. V. K. Kaul (Whole Time Director) * Dr. Brian Tempest (Whole Time Director) * Mr. Surendera Daulet Singh * Mr. Harpal Singh * Mr J. W. Balani * Mr. N. Kampani * Mr. V. Bharat Ram * Mr. Vivek Mehra Mr. Tejendra Khanna Mr. Tejendra Khanna was elected Chairman at a meeting of the Board of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited held at New Delhi, on July 5, 1999. Mr. Khanna, former Commerce Secretary to the Government of India, and a former Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is widely regarded as an expert in International Trade and Public Administration. Mr. D. S. Brar He was instrumental in developing the Pharmaceutical exports business of the company in early 80’s, which later became synonymous with major growth and expansion of company’s portfolio. In addition to the International business, he looked after the Animal Healthcare OTC businesses of the company. In 1986, he took over the Pharma business in India along with Chemical Manufacturing Operations. In early 90’s he led the company’s expansion into overseas markets creating joint ventures, affiliates and subsidiaries in major countries like China, Russia, U. K. , South Africa and the USA. In 1996, he took over as the President of the company. Mr. V. K. Kaul Graduated in 1964 (B. Sc. Hons, Physics) from Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Mr. V. K Kaul joined the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India F. C. A. He is recognised in the industry for his vast experience and variegated knowledge. Dr Brian W. Tempest Dr Tempest joined Eastern Medikit Ltd as Regional Director- Europe, CIS Africa in 1995 and subsequently took charge of Eastern Medikit Ltd’s worldwide pharmaceuticals business as President-Pharmaceuticals in the year 2000. In July 2001 he was appointed on the Board of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd. Dr. Tempest, 54, has worked in the Pharmaceutical Industry for 28 years, bringing in a wealth of global pharmaceutical experience and expertise. He has worked with leading multi-national companies across several international markets including USA, Japan, Europe, China and other countries in Africa and Asia-Pacific. His unique combination of experience with both research-based and generic companies will be an asset in driving the company’s growth in times ahead. Dr. Tempest is a Bachelor of Science with Honors from Aston University, specializing in Chemistry. He followed it up with a PhD in Polymer Chemistry from Lancaster University. Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh is an Honors Graduate in Economics from Delhi University followed by a Masters Degree in Business Administration from Duke University, USA. He started his career with the American Express Bank and joined Eastern Medikit Ltd in May 1998. After holding several positions in the Company, has been appointed as â€Å"President Pharmaceuticals and Whole-time Director†, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited effective January 1, 2004 OPERATING JOINT VENTURES AND SUBSIDIARIES BRAZIL:Eastern Medikit Ltd S. P. Medicamentos Ltd. CHINA:Eastern Medikit Ltd (Guangzhou China) Ltd. EGYPT:Eastern Medikit Ltd Egypt Ltd. GERMANY: Basics Gmb H. HONG KONG:Eastern Medikit Ltd (Hong Kong) Ltd. INDIA:Rexcel pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Solus pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Vidyut Travel Services ltd. IRELAND:Eastern Medikit Ltd Ireland Ltd. MALAYSIA:Eastern Medikit Ltd (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. NETHERLANDS:Eastern Medikit Ltd Pharmaceuticals B. V. NIGERIA:Eastern Medikit Ltd Nigeria Ltd. PANAMA:Eastern Medikit Ltd Panama SA. POLAND:Eastern Medikit Ltd Poland Sp. Zo. SOUTH AFRICA:Eastern Medikit Ltd (SA) (Pty. ) Ltd. THAILAND:Unichem pharmaceuticals LTD. , Unichem Distributors Ltd. Part, Eastern Medikit Ltd Unichem CO. Ltd. U. K:Eastern Medikit Ltd (UK) Ltd USA: Eastern Medikit Ltd pharmaceuticals Inc. Ohm Laboratories Inc. , Eastern Medikit Ltd Schein Pharma, LLC VIETNAM: Eastern Medikit Ltd Vietnam Company Ltd. ALLIED BUSINESSES Eastern Medikit Ltd Animal Health The Animal Health division saw an encouraging growth despite the prevailing poor market conditions. The division grew at twice the growth rate recorded in the industry. On the basis of having a vast dome satiated animal population, the livestock, poultry business and pets business are among the fastest growing sectors in India. A vast infrastructure of veterinary colleges, agricultural institutes, technologists and researchers are helping farmers to source healthy, cost effective products. In conjunction with the present scenario, the AHC division of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has introduced several latest generation products. Eastern Medikit Ltd Fine Chemicals Limited (RFCL) The division ranked 4th in the industry and captured 11% market share. RANKEM is established as a powerful brand, RFCL’s brand for its range of Reagents is now synonymous with excellence in reagents and fine chemicals in the country. The focus of business remains on developing extensive customer relations; enhancing service levels and enriching the product mix with the help of a qualified and competent marketing and sales team Diagnostics The diagnostics division has aggressively focused on market expansion activities based on strategy of reliability, quality products and efficient service. Introduction of products in ‘Point of Care’ markets has expanded market presence and over the next 1 – 2 years this segment will see considerable expansion in line with world trends. The Dade Behring segment has increased its installation base by 60% in leading hospitals and laboratories. Plans are afoot for the introduction of more parameters for the ‘Point of Care’ market and the launch of Special Chemistries, a range of drug assays, plus an entry into automated microbiology in both the Base and Dade Behring business areas. The company has also witnessed significant milestones in the area of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). The company has entered into strategic business arrangements with companies such as Bayer AG, Glaxo-Wellcome, Eli-Lilly etc. for production and co-marketing operations. Many innovative developments have been taking place in recent times. The company’s research team is capable of developing one NDDS product every 12 to 18 months. Also, two new products: Roletra-D and Altiva-D, will soon be launched in India. In order to expand and promote global growth, the company opened several new markets during the year, notably in Brazil, where 25 filings were undertaken in a span of 2-3 months. The company has planned to build and protect intellectual property with the help of IPC, which addresses all matters pertaining to patents. CQA supervises the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) and ensures compliance to corporate quality assurance policy in all technological operations of the organization. The company is committed to invest 6% of the sales in R and D by 2003, of which 7% of the expenditure will be earmarked for research on New Drug Discovery and Novel Drug Delivery Systems. There will be continuous emphasis on augmenting R and D performance and productivity with advanced scientific and technological tools. VALUES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED 1. Achieving customer satisfaction is fundamental to their business. 2. Practice dignity and equity in relationships and provide opportunities for people to realize their full potential. 3. Ensure profitable growth and enhance wealth of shareholders. 4. Foster mutually beneficial relationships with all their business partners. 5. Manage their operations with concern for safety and environment. 6. Be a responsible corporate citizen. OBJECTIVES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. To be a leader in the Pharmaceutical industry. 2. To be a profitable company with a steady growth in earnings. 3. To set an example as a socially responsible company. 4. To diversify in health care related areas. 5. To strive for excellence and continuous improvement in all spheres. 6. To improve the quality of life of people by providing better services and quality products. Environment, Health and Safety [EHS] Caring for the Environment is a core corporate value and as a part of this commitment. The Company enunciated its EHS policy in 1993. The Company’s EHS policy provides for the creation of a safe and healthy workplace and a clean environment for employees and the community. It aims at higher international standards in plant design, equipment selection, maintenance and operations. The policy seeks to manufacture products safely and in an environmentally responsible manner. The implementation of the EHS Policy is ensured by institutionalizing a robust EHS Management system, adequately supported by well defined organizational structure. As a part of EHS processes at the corporate level, besides laying down guidelines on systems, policy and training, the corporate EHS office monitors compliance, maintains and disseminates information on laws and regulations. EHS performance review meetings are held on regular basis to monitor the progress against agreed EHS improvement plans. Close cooperation between all units and individuals is the key to maintaining high standards of environment protection and safety in all the plants. The key processes at location level comprise of regular safety surveillance, inspections audits, Permit to work system for operational / maintenance safety, Fire prevention protection activities, operation of the ETP/Incinerator, disposal activities related to hazardous wastes, regular monitoring of the environment internally and also through approved laboratories. Monthly reports address EHS initiatives, compliance various records under the statutory requirement, training of employees including contract employees on EHS awareness, interaction with the residential associations/nearby community etc. celebration of National safety day, fire day, Environment day etc. for EHS awareness among employees. The manufacturing facilities for bulk drugs and dosage forms comply with the stringent requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and are approved by International health and regulatory Agencies like FDA – USA, MCA – UK, WHO etc. These practices and approvals ensure that an effective framework is always in place, not only for manufacture of high quality products, but also for effective use of resources and reduction of wastes as well as high safety hygiene standards. Eastern Medikit Ltd has made significant improvements in process safety of the existing manufacturing facilities by providing extensive instrumented safety protection systems. The intended safety features are incorporated in the basic design of the new projects. Investments have been made on process improvements as well as effluent treatment plant up-gradation using the latest membrane based technology, multi-effect thermal evaporation system and state-of-the-art Incinerator. These investments have helped to reduce discharges of contaminants into the environment. With the facilities installed at Toansa for recycling of the treated effluent, the site has achieved the status of â€Å"zero discharge site†. The Company also engages with the concerned authorities and industry in devising responsible laws, regulations and standards and thus making safety, occupational health environmental information and expertise available to its employees and the community at large. Eastern Medikit Ltd has made EHS concerns and practices a necessary factor in appraising its employee performance. The Company also accords a very high priority to hygiene monitoring at work place and health assessment of all employees at site. The plant and processes are continuously upgraded to improve hygiene and health standards. Necessary training is imparted to the employees to enhance their awareness towards health related matters. Safety knowledge of the employees is constantly updated through various external and in-house training programs, including special training programs by overseas experts consultants. Moving up the value chain, the company identified Consumer Healthcare as its new business area in the year 2001. Eastern Medikit Ltd Global Consumer Healthcare (RGCH) was launched in October 2002 with a portfolio of 4 switch brands: Revital, Pepfiz, Gesdyp Garlic Pearls. Since these brands were already popular amongst consumers and represented the leading common ailment categories like VMS (Vitamins Minerals Supplement), this portfolio was carefully created for the introduction of RGCH to the Indian market. Subsequently in 2004, RGCH launched its first herbal range of products through New Age Herbals (NAH) with products offering remedy in categories of Cough Cold (Olesan Oil Cough Syrups) and Appetite Stimulant (Eat Ease). VARIOUS DIVISIONS OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. Chemical Division 2. Diagnostic Division 3. Stan care Division 4. Curradia Division 5. International Division 6. Pharmaceutical Division 7. Technical Division 8. Corporate Division 9. Animal Health Care Division DIVISIONS IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS 1. India and Middle East 2. Europe, CIS and Africa 3. Asia Pacific and Latin America 4. North America JOINT VENTURE OF THE COMPANY. 2000Eastern Medikit Ltd files IND Application for Asthma Molecule- RBx4638, after successful completion of pre-clinical studies. Eastern Medikit Ltd acquires Bayer’s Generics business (trading under the Name of Basics) in Germany. Eastern Medikit Ltd forays into Brazil, the largest pharmaceutical market in South America and achieves global sales of U. S. $ 2. 5 million in this market. 2001Eastern Medikit Ltd took a significant step forward in Vietnam by initiating the Setting up of a new manufacturing facility with an investment of U. S. $ 10 million. Eastern Medikit Ltd achieved a turnover of U. S. $ 502 million for the year 2002 and moved closer to achieving a target of 1 billion dollar by 2004. 2002Receives approval from FDA to market Midazolam Hydrochloride Syrup 2 Mg base/ ml. Eastern Medikit Ltd receives and approval from FDA to manufacture and market Cefpodoxime Proxetil for Oral Suspension, Lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets Us, Terazosin Hydrochloride Capsules and Amoxcillin Oral suspension USP. Heralding the company’s entry into the Indian OTC market. 003Eastern Medikit Ltd received the economic times award for corporate excellence-for the company for year. Eastern Medikit Ltd signed an agreement toacquire RPG(aventis) SA along with its fully owned subsidiary,OPIH SARL,in france 2004 Eastern Medikit Ltd launched its first range of herbal projects. 2005 Acquisition of additional stake in Eastern Medikit Ltd Farmaceutica Ltda. , Brazil Eastern Medikit Ltd announced the acquisition of Be-Tabs P harmaceuticals (Pty) Limited 2008Acquired by the Japanese giant, the $9. 62 billion Daiichi Sankyo, ranked No. in Japan BRIEF INTRO OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD PLANTS IN INDIA In the chemical division, various bulk drugs are manufactured. The chemical division had three units in Punjab. One is located at Toansa, two are located at Mohali and one unit is located at Dewas near Indore in Madhya Pradesh, where Ciprofloxacine is manufactured. In the plant of the chemical division, various drugs like Antibiotics, Anti-malarial, Antibacterial and Anti-ulcer are manufactured. One of the older plants of Eastern Medikit Ltd was closed after the accident in June 2003. he second one is still working The 1991, the Toansa plant started functioning in 1992 and the Dewas plant started functioning in 1999. Various plant heads independently manage all these plants. In each unit, separate facilities with respect to the manufacture of drugs, along with their manufacturing areas have been provided. This is r equired to reduce the chances of any cross contamination under the drug laws and to comply with good manufacturing practices. At Mohali plant, separate blocks have been provided for the preparation of each drug . The Toansa, Mohali and Dewas plants are planned in such a way that their system, facilities, manufacturing practices and standards meet the requirements of FDA. Mohali Plant also mainly in the manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). The Plant is divided into two plant areas A8 and A9 THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS Human Resource Department The basic function of the human resource department in the modern corporate world is knowledge management. The HR department strives to maintain cohesiveness among employees. It also ensures interdepartmental cooperation in achieving targets. The appraisal system is also taken care by this department. The HR department delves deep into the employee’s psyche to analyze the positives and negatives of each employee, so that a proper system of delegation and / or empowerment can be evolved. Finance Department The finance department takes care of the regular financial needs of the company it ensures proper allocation of funds and takes care of the working capital requirements. It verifies capital raised by different departments and sends them for approval to the higher authorities. Stores Department The function of this department is to provide adequate and proper storage and preservation of various items to meet the demand of various other departments by proper issues and maintaining accounts of consumption. It also keeps a track of stock accumulation and abnormal consumption. Erection and Fabrication Department As the name suggests, this department identifies new projects and helps in erecting them. This department also undertakes major modifications of equipment. ERP Department ERP department helps to integrate the entire enterprise starting from the supplier to the customer, covering financial and human resources. This will enable the enterprise to increase productivity by reducing costs. It also ensures a single solution to the information needs of the whole organization. Production Department As a part of their on going commitment to produce hi-tech quality drugs and pharmaceuticals that take care of the specific needs of markets around the world, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has increased the investment in the production department. It is the most important department of the company and has the following objectives: 1. Improving volume of production. 2. Reducing rejection rate. 3. Maintaining rework rate. Engineering Department This department undertakes building, construction and maintenance. Maintaining service facilities such as water, gas, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, painting and plumbing are some of the other areas dealt by this department. This department also helps in maintaining electrical equipments such as generators, transformers, telephone system and electrical installation. Purchase Department The purchase department provides material to the factory without which the wheels of machines cannot move. The various functions performed by this department include: Securing good vendor performance, including prompt deliveries of supplies of acceptable qualities. 1. To develop satisfactory sources of supply and maintaining good relationships with the suppliers. 2. To pay reasonably low prices. Quality Control/Quality Assurance Department The purpose of QC QA departments is to ensure that the desired quality standard is achieved. It also ensures that the processing or fabrication of material conforms to the specific characteristics selected, to assure that the resulting product will in fact perform its intended function. PRODUCT REVIEW Eastern Medikit Ltd’s therapeutic width covers five of the top six categories including Anti-infective, Gastrointestinal, Nutritionals, Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System, Respiratory, Dermatological and others. While anti-infective contribute 56% of the total sales, Eastern Medikit Ltd’s other brands like Simvotin and Storvas in the cardiovascular segment, Serlift in CNS and Revital and Riconia in Nutritionals, are on their way to success in multiple markets. During Jan – Dec 2000, amongst the top products of Eastern Medikit Ltd, Sporidex (Cephalexin) was the Number 1 brand, closely followed by Cifran (Ciprofloxacin). Anti – Infectives Anti- infective has been the main driver of Eastern Medikit Ltd’s sales. The important brands in this category are Cifran (Ciprofloxacin), Sporidex (Ciphalexin), Enhancin (Amoxyclav), Crixan (Clarithromycin), Vercef (Cefaclor), Oframax (Ceftriaxone), Cepodem (Cefpodoxime Proxetil), Zanocin (Ofloxacin), Ceroxim (Cefuroxime Axetil), and Loxof (Levofloxacin). Cifran (Ciprofloxacin) is the key brand in the anti- infective portfolio, with estimated sales of US $ 32 Mn, currently being marketed in 15 countries. Development of Ciprofloxacin once a day has been an important landmark achieved by Eastern Medikit Ltd. The product has been licensed to Bayer. Cifran continues to be a dominant player in the quinolones market in India, China and Russia. Sporidex is another leading brand in Eastern Medikit Ltd’s product portfolio with worldwide annual sales of US $ 35 Mn. It is available in eight different dosage forms including capsules, dry powder for suspension, redimix, dispersible tablets, paediatric drops, soft gelatin capsules, sachet and advanced formulation for twice-daily administration. It is currently marketed in 15 countries. In India, Sporidex is the leading brand with a market share of 36% of the Cephalexin segment. Keflor is available in seven different dosage forms and is the third-largest selling brand for Eastern Medikit Ltd worldwide. The dosage forms list includes capsules, dry syrup, modified release tablets, dispersible tablets, drops and redimix. Enhancin is expected to be the leading product in Eastern Medikit Ltd’s product portfolio with estimated sales of US $ 45 Mn by the year 2005. The product will be rolled out to about 20 important markets during this period. Zanocin, with approximate sales of US $ 10 Mn, is the seventh-largest contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltd’s total sales. Cepodem is currently available in three different countries outside India, and will be rolled out to 13 different countries in the near future. Cardiovasculars Cardiovascular is projected to be the second-best category for Eastern Medikit Ltd. Statins have been the key drivers for this segment. The sale of Simvastatin has grown substantially in the past few years, a trend that is likely to continue in the future. In India, Simvotin (Simvastatin) is the market leader in the cholesterol reducer segment. Another leading brand in this category is Storvas (Atorvastatin). Storvas has been one of the fastest-ever to enter the top-300 brands list of the Indian pharma industry. Other global cardiovascular brands are Covance (Losartan) and Caslot (Carvedilol). Central Nervous System The Central Nervous Segment is one of the important focus areas identified by Eastern Medikit Ltd, with Serlift being the key brand. In India, Serlift is number 1 amongst Sertraline brands. New product introductions will be drivers of growth in this category. Gastrointestinal Currently, gastrointestinal drugs are the second-largest category for Eastern Medikit Ltd. The key brands in this category include Histac and Romesac. The current annual sales of Ranitidine are estimated to be around US $ 16 Mn and the product is marketed in more than 20 countries. Rheumatologicals The first generation Cox-2 inhibitors principally drive worldwide growth in rheumatology. This category is estimated to grow exponentially for Eastern Medikit Ltd, with brands like Celecoxib. This year, Rofibax (Rofecoxib) introduced in India, has established itself as a leader in the Cox-2 inhibitor category and has overtaken all Celecoxib brands. It has been identified as a key Global brand for the future. Nutritonals Nutritionals have been a major contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltd’s sales. Two of the important products in this category are Revital and Riconia. With annual sales estimated at about US $ 10 Mn, Revital contributes a significant share of total sales. It is a leading brand in India and has done exceedingly well in some parts of the world as an OTC product. Dermatologicals The dermatology category is mainly driven by India region and is likely to show a good growth pattern in the future. Some of the key brands doing well in this segment are Mobizox, Silverex, Moisturex, etc. INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY AND ANALYSIS This is a Report on the ‘Capital Structure and Capital Expenditure of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. ’. The purpose and scope of the project can be listed as: * Understanding the organizational structure and functioning of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. * Analysing and comparing the financial health of the firms in the Indian Pharma Industry. * Identifying and analysing the capital structure of Eastern Medikit Ltd. * Conducting a Review of the Capital Expenditure done at Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. Identifying loopholes in the functioning and in the area of study and recommending the suggestions for the same. Following are the limitations of the study: * Balance sheets of only 3 years have been studied but the company is in operation for so many years. * Only specific tools (i. e. ratio analysis) have been used for data analysis, while so many other tools are also there. * Organizational rules regulations. * Availability of data. Financial figures for 2008 of Eastern Medikit Ltd were not available. * Limitations of the financial tools used. Methodology The methodology adopted for the study was as follows: * Familiarization, examination and evaluation of the procedures relating to capital structure and capital expenditure. * Collection of relevant data form company records and cross checking of this data. * Calculations of financial ratios, parameter and norms, as also their financial implications. Broadly the data were collected for the report on the project work has been through the primary and secondary sources. The primary data is collected by various approaches so as to give a precise, accurate, realistic and relevant data. The main goal in the mind while gathering primary data was investigation and observation. The ends were thus achieved by a direct approach and personal observation from the officials of the company. The other staff members and the employees were interviewed for the sake of maintaining reasonable standard of accuracy. The secondary data as it has always been important for the completion of any report provides a reliable, suitable equate and specific knowledge. The annual reports, the fixed asset register and the Capex register provided the knowledge and information regarding the relevant subjects. The valuable cooperation and continued support extended by all associated personnels, head of the department, division and staff members contributed a lot to fulfil the requirement in the collection of data in order to present a complete report on the project work. Capital Structure: Theory and Analysis Capital Structure Financing decisions involve raising funds for the firm. It is concerned with formulation and designing of capital structure or leverage. The most crucial decision of any company is involved in the formulation of its appropriate capital structure. The best design or structure of the capital of a company helps the management to achieve its ultimate objectives of minimising overall cost of capital, maximising profitability and also maximising the value of the firm. The capital structure decision of a firm is concerned with the determination of debt equity composition. Capital structure ordinarily implies the proportion of debt and equity in the total capital of a company. The term capital may be defined as the long – term funds of the firm. Capital is the aggregation of the items appearing on the left hand side of the balance sheet minus current liabilities. In other words capital may be expressed as follows: Capital = Total Assets – Current Liabilities. Further, capital of a company may broadly be categorised into equity and debt. The total capital structure of a firm is represented in the following figure: Established companies generally have track record of their profit earning capacity, which helps them to create their creditworthiness. The lenders feel safe to invest their funds in such companies. Thus, there is ample scope for this type of companies to collect debt. But a company cannot freely i. e. without having any limit. The company must have to chalk out a plan to collect a debt in such a way that the acceptance of debt becomes beneficial for the company in terms of increase in EPS, profitability and value of the firm. If the cost of capital is greater than the return, it will have an adverse effect on company’s profitability, value of the firm and its EPS. Similarly, if company is unable to repay the debt within the scheduled period it will affect the goodwill of the company in the credit market and consequently may create problems in future for collecting further debt. Other factors remaining constant, the company should select its appropriate capital structure with due consideration. Capital structure involves a choice between risk and expected return. The optimal capital structure strikes the balance between these risks and returns and thus examines the price of the stock. Significant variations with regard to capital structure can easily be noticed among industries and firms within the same industry. So it is difficult to generate the model capital structure for all business undertakings. The following is an attempt to consolidate the literature on various methods to suggested by researchers in arriving at optimal capital structure. Notations used: * V = value of firm * FCF = free cash flow * WACC = weighted average cost of capital * rs and rd are costs of stock and debt * re and wd are percentages of the firm that are financed with stock and debt. Operating and Financial Leverages The term leverage refers to the ability of a firm in employing long – term funds having a fixed cost, to enhance returns to the owners. In other words everage is the employment of fixed assets or funds for which a firm has to meet fixed costs or fixed rate of interest obligation irrespective of the level of activities attained or the level of operating profit earned. Higher the leverage, higher the profits and vice – versa. But a higher leverage obviously implies higher outside borrowings and hence riskier if the business activity of the firm suddenly takes a dip. But a low le verage does not necessarily indicate prudent financial management, as the firm might be incurring an opportunity cost for not having borrowed funds at a fixed cost to earn higher profits. Operating Leverage Operating leverage is concerned with the operation of any firm. The cost structure of any firm gives rise to operating leverage because of the existence of fixed nature of costs. This leverage relates to the sales and profit variations. Operating Leverage =| Contribution| | EBIT| Contribution = Sales – Variable Costs EBIT = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes. Disadvantages of Operating Leverages * The reliability of operating ratios rests to a large extent on the correctness of the fixed costs identified with a product. Faulty apportionment would distort the usefulness of the ratio. The published accounts does not give details of the fixed cost incurred and the contribution from each product and for an outsider it is difficult to calculate the firm’s operating leverage. Firm’s cost structure and nature of the firm’s business affects operating leverage. A degree change in sales volume results in more than proportionate change (+/-) in ope rating (or loss) can be observed by use of operating leverage. Financial Leverage This ratio indicates the effects on earnings by rise of fixed cost funds. It refers to use the use of debt in the capital structure. Financial leverage arises when a firm deploys debt funds with fixed charge. The ratio is calculated with the following: * Earnings before interest and tax / Earnings after interest – The higher the ratio, the lower the cushion for paying interest on borrowings. A low ratio indicates a low interest outflow and consequently lower borrowings. A high ratio is risky and constitutes a strain on profits. This ratio is considered along with the operating ratio, gives a fairly and accurate idea about the firm’s earnings, its fixed costs and the interest expenses on long term borrowings. Earnings per Share – Higher financial leverage leads to higher EBIT resulting in higher EPS, if other things remain constant. Financial leverage affects the variability and expected level of EPS. The more debt the firm employs the higher its financial leverage. Financial leverage generally raises expected EPS, but it also increases the riskiness of securities as the debt / asset ratio rise s. Financial Leverage =| EBIT| | EBT| EBIT – Ea How to cite A Global Overview of a Fast Relief Market, Papers